The design of any plant has to respond to four main physical constraints:
1) Plants have to capture sunlight and avoid shading their own leaves,
2) Plants have to support themselves structurally,
3) Plants have to conduct water to their various tissues, and
4) Plants must be able to reproduce effectively. (source)
Through a series of experiments with everything from wind tunnels to computer modeling, Dr. Karl Niklas has discovered that plants respond to these physical constraints with a series of mathematically predictable structures.
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